Chapter 14. Override Design Pattern

Functional languages are known for being able to compose functions. In particular, these languages gain expressivity from functions that manipulate an original value into a new value having the same structure. This allows us to compose multiple functions to perform the desired modifications.

In Nix, we mostly talk about functions that accept inputs in order to return derivations. In our world, we want utility functions that are able to manipulate those structures. These utilities add some useful properties to the original value, and we'd like to be able to apply more utilities on top of the result.

For example, let's say we have an initial derivation drv and we want to transform it into a drv with debugging information and custom patches:

debugVersion (applyPatches [ ./patch1.patch ./patch2.patch ] drv)

The final result should be the original derivation with some changes. This is both interesting and very different from other packaging approaches, which is a consequence of using a functional language to describe packages.

Designing such utilities is not trivial in a functional language without static typing, because understanding what can or cannot be composed is difficult. But we try to do our best.

In pill 12 we introduced the inputs design pattern. We do not return a derivation picking dependencies directly from the repository; rather we declare the inputs and let the callers pass the necessary arguments.

In our repository we have a set of attributes that import the expressions of the packages and pass these arguments, getting back a derivation. Let's take for example the graphviz attribute:

graphviz = import ./graphviz.nix { inherit mkDerivation gd fontconfig libjpeg bzip2; };

If we wanted to produce a derivation of graphviz with a customized gd version, we would have to repeat most of the above plus specifying an alternative gd:

mygraphviz = import ./graphviz.nix {
  inherit mkDerivation fontconfig libjpeg bzip2;
  gd = customgd;
};

That's hard to maintain. Using callPackage would be easier:

mygraphviz = callPackage ./graphviz.nix { gd = customgd; };

But we may still be diverging from the original graphviz in the repository.

We would like to avoid specifying the nix expression again. Instead, we would like to reuse the original graphviz attribute in the repository and add our overrides like so:

mygraphviz = graphviz.override { gd = customgd; };

The difference is obvious, as well as the advantages of this approach.

Note: that .override is not a "method" in the OO sense as you may think. Nix is a functional language. The.override is simply an attribute of a set.

Recall that the graphviz attribute in the repository is the derivation returned by the function imported from graphviz.nix. We would like to add a further attribute named "override" to the returned set.

Let's start by first creating a function "makeOverridable". This function will take two arguments: a function (that must return a set) and the set of original arguments to be passed to the function.

We will put this function in a lib.nix:

{
  makeOverridable = f: origArgs:
    let
      origRes = f origArgs;
    in
      origRes // { override = newArgs: f (origArgs // newArgs); };
}

makeOverridable takes a function and a set of original arguments. It returns the original returned set, plus a new override attribute.

This override attribute is a function taking a set of new arguments, and returns the result of the original function called with the original arguments unified with the new arguments. This is admittedly somewhat confusing, but the examples below should make it clear.

Let's try it with nix repl:

$ nix repl
nix-repl> :l lib.nix
Added 1 variables.
nix-repl> f = { a, b }: { result = a+b; }
nix-repl> f { a = 3; b = 5; }
{ result = 8; }
nix-repl> res = makeOverridable f { a = 3; b = 5; }
nix-repl> res
{ override = «lambda»; result = 8; }
nix-repl> res.override { a = 10; }
{ result = 15; }

Note that, as we specified above, the function f does not return the plain sum. Instead, it returns a set with the sum bound to the name result.

The variable res contains the result of the function call without any override. It's easy to see in the definition of makeOverridable. In addition, you can see that the new override attribute is a function.

Calling res.override with a set will invoke the original function with the overrides, as expected.

This is a good start, but we can't override again! This is because the returned set (with result = 15) does not have an override attribute of its own. This is bad; it breaks further composition.

The solution is simple: the .override function should make the result overridable again:

rec {
  makeOverridable = f: origArgs:
    let
      origRes = f origArgs;
    in
      origRes // { override = newArgs: makeOverridable f (origArgs // newArgs); };
}

Please note the rec keyword. It's necessary so that we can refer to makeOverridable from makeOverridable itself.

Now let's try overriding twice:

nix-repl> :l lib.nix
Added 1 variables.
nix-repl> f = { a, b }: { result = a+b; }
nix-repl> res = makeOverridable f { a = 3; b = 5; }
nix-repl> res2 = res.override { a = 10; }
nix-repl> res2
{ override = «lambda»; result = 15; }
nix-repl> res2.override { b = 20; }
{ override = «lambda»; result = 30; }

Success! The result is 30 (as expected) because a is overridden to 10 in the first override, and b is overridden to 20 in the second.

Now it would be nice if callPackage made our derivations overridable. This is an exercise for the reader.

The "override" pattern simplifies the way we customize packages starting from an existing set of packages. This opens a world of possibilities for using a central repository like nixpkgs and defining overrides on our local machine without modifying the original package.

We can dream of a custom, isolated nix-shell environment for testing graphviz with a custom gd:

debugVersion (graphviz.override { gd = customgd; })

Once a new version of the overridden package comes out in the repository, the customized package will make use of it automatically.

The key in Nix is to find powerful yet simple abstractions in order to let the user customize their environment with highest consistency and lowest maintenance time, by using predefined composable components.

In the next pill, we will talk about Nix search paths. By "search path", we mean a place in the file system where Nix looks for expressions. This answers the question of where <nixpkgs> comes from.